• In solid tumors such as those in

  2020-01-21

  

  In solid tumors, such as those in breast and pancreatic cancer, infiltrating CD68+ or CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with poor outcome (DeNardo et al., 2011, Kurahara et al., 2011, Shabo et al., 2008). The tumor-promoting function of TAMs is based on their capacity to secrete p

• Redundancy of tumor promoting signaling pathways is one of

  2020-01-21

  

  Redundancy of tumor promoting signaling pathways is one of the mechanisms that prevent a lasting effect of targeted therapies, as has been demonstrated by the growing number of alternative pathways that confer resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies [3]. We show here that CSF-1R can, at least partiall

• CVT-313 In a previous study we reported that the

  2020-01-21

  

  In a previous study we reported that the systemic administration of the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin attenuates the deficit in CVT-313 reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal (Bruijnzeel et al., 2010). One of the aims of the present experiments was to investig

• Furthermore we explored the effect of PKC

  2020-01-21

  

  Furthermore, we explored the effect of PKCζ on SIRT6 phosphorylation. Accumulating data showed that aPKC isoforms are involved in regulating lipid metabolism [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47]. The aPKC activity was reported to play a dominant role in normal insulin signaling by activating PI3

• br The estrogen receptors History and discovery In Elwood

  2020-01-21

  

  The estrogen receptors: History and discovery In 1958, Elwood Jensen discovered the estrogen receptor, the first receptor ever encountered for any hormone, by showing that reproductive female tissues were able to uptake estrogen from the circulation by binding to proteins. He later demonstrated t

• CYP enzymes have an important

  2020-01-20

  

  CYP450 Cyanine 5-dUTP have an important role in microsomal oxidase function across a broad range of taxa (Pakharukova et al., 2012). They are involved in metabolism and detoxification of both internally generated compounds and xenobiotics as the phase I metabolizing enzymes and play an important rol

• br Roles for intracellular chloride

  2020-01-20

  

  Roles for intracellular chloride channels Specific chloride channel proteins in intracellular membranes Concluding remarks Introduction The sulfonylurea derivative glybenclamide (GLYB) is used as oral hypoglycemic agent to treat non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [1], [2]. The antid

• FGF ERK signaling has been

  2020-01-20

  

  FGF/ERK signaling has been implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in a wide range of tissues (Huh et al., 2015, Klein et al., 2006, Rice et al., 2004, Zhang et al., 2006, El Ramy et al., 2005, Volckaert and Langhe, 2015). During embryonic organogenesis and in adult organs, we often observ

• Although BPA has been proven to cause

  2020-01-20

  

  Although BPA has been proven to cause many health issues such as obesity and neurological toxicity (Rubin, 2011), the effects and mechanisms of BPA on the human tumorigenesis and cancer development are still not well illustrated. In the present study, we found that 10 to 10M BPA significantly promot

• The question remains however as to the downstream signaling

  2020-01-20

  

  The question remains, however as to the downstream signaling by Epacs that contributes to persistent sensitization of sensory neurons. Activation of the Ras family of GTPases by Epac1 (RapGEF3) or Epac2 (RapGEF4) (Bos, 2003, de Rooij et al., 1998) is linked to a number of downstream signaling effect

• br Conclusion In this study we

  2020-01-20

  

  Conclusion In this study, we investigated functional alterations of ECs following exposure to mechanical and/or physicochemical stimuli. Specifically, hypoxia induced phosphorylation with significant increases after 30 min and the maximum increase was after 180 min. Our data show that a combinati

• The LNX ligand of numb protein X or PDZRN PDZ

  2020-01-20

  

  The LNX (ligand of numb protein-X) or PDZRN (PDZ and RING) family of proteins consists of five members (LNX1–LNX5), the first four of which act as E3‐ubiquitin ligases in various roles, as reviewed elsewhere [14]. LNX proteins comprise a RING domain and two to four PDZ (PSD-95, DlgA, ZO-1) domains [

• br The DDR kinase domain The

  2020-01-20

  

  The DDR1 kinase domain The DDR1 intracellular kinase domain shares the typical structure of other kinase domains (Fig. 1). However, how DDR1 kinase is activated upon collagen binding is poorly understood. It is thought that the process is fundamentally different from the accepted paradigm of liga

• These cytokines except for TGF can

  2020-01-20

  

  These cytokines, except for TGF-β can also increase CysLT1R mRNA expression. We further demonstrated that TGF-β and IL-13 were able to increase the proliferation of human BSMC in response to LTD4. BSMC proliferation was CysLT1R-dependent, given that Montelukast ablated this effect. Taken together, o

• pentylenetetrazol receptor Previous studies reported that NE

  2020-01-20

  

  Previous studies reported that NE and MHPG are deeply involved in depression and that NE reuptake inhibitors are approved for use in patients with depression (for review, see [2]). We found increased hippocampal content of NE and MHPG in the CORT-treated CRTH2−/− mice (Fig. 3). In the hippocampus, a

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