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    • Although sleep duration was not related

    2018-10-26

    Although sleep duration was not related to morningness-eveningness, many other sleep-related aspects were different in students with different circadian preferences. In line with previous work [3,7,13–15] and our hypotheses, eveningness in our results was related to daytime tiredness/sleepiness. Further, and as suggested by Mercer et al. [19], eveningness was related to the desire to be able to sleep longer hours. Interestingly, evening-orientated participants felt that their optimal need for sleep was not met even during the weekend, when sleep schedules are not restricted by early school mornings.
    Conclusion
    Disclosures
    Introduction Sleep disorders are divided in six groups according to the new Third International Classification of Sleep Disorders [1]. Sleep breathing disorders (SBD) are in the second group, and Sleep movement disorders (SMD) are in the fifth group of this mst2 classification. SMD are characterized by burst of repetitive, involuntary, and stereotyped movements of toe, and partial flexion of ankle, knee, and hip during sleep [2]. Periodic limb movement disorder during sleep (PLMs) is the more frequent alteration in this group. Alterations could be due to abnormal inhibition of motor system during sleep. SMD has a reported prevalence of 7.6% in adult patients [3]. In the SBD group, we can found more frequently, the Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), and Primary snoring (PS). OSAHS main characteristics are: repetitive and intermittent events of obstruction of the Superior air pathway (SAP), which results in complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) events ≥10s (sec) of interruption of air flux, with a decrease of blood oxygen saturation and an increase of body, and breathing movements, and snoring [4]. Obstruction is secondary to abnormal narrowing or collapse of SAP during sleep, and tone loss of pharyngeal muscles [5]. Higher frequency of SBD was present in males than females. In one study carried-out in Latinamerica [6], authors reported OSAHS prevalence of 3.2%, and 54.8% for PS. PLMs and OSAHS can be associated to cortical awakening or autonomic activation. However, some body movements can be found during, or behind to an apnea event, and can difficult their identification to clinicians. Moreover, in the upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS), the component event could be a respiratory effort related arousal (RERA), and PLMs, the component event cold be a repetitive, stereotyped extremity movements occurring in a periodic fashion, associated in certain patients, by this reason is very important to be differentiated between the disorders [7]. PLMs and OSAHS can result in sleep architecture (SA) alteration, and could be detected by means of Polysomnographic (PSG) recordings. Researchers found a frequency of PLMs of 24–48% of patients with OSAHS [8]. Co-existence of both disorders has been recognized long-ago, but there is a wide controversy on their interaction. Thus, the objective of this research was to compare SA alteration in a group of patients with PLMs, and SBD, and both alterations, studied by means of PSG recordings, and to weight their interaction.
    Method
    Results PSG variables in the six studied groups are presented in Table 3. We found high values of awake percentage to reference standards in all groups, however, group of patients with PLMs/severe OSAHS showed a significant increase of this percentage compared to PLMs/mild OSAHS (F=2.31, gl=5154; p=0.04). We observed an increase in percentage of light sleep (N1-N2) in all groups, however, group with OSAHS only, has a significant increase, to PLMs group (F=3.00; gl=5, 153; p=0.01). Although percentage of REMs was decreased in all groups, we found that group with OSAHS only, had a significant decrease to group with PLMs (F=2.83; gl=5154; p=0.01). We observed an increase of awakenings in all groups, although, group with PLMs/severe OSAHS, showed the greater increase, with respect to group with PLMs (F =3.53; gl=5154; p=0.005), see Table 3.